Saturday, December 28, 2019

The Meaning of Life According to Victor E. Frankl Essay

The Meaning of Life According to Victor E. Frankl The meaning of life, defined by Victor E. Frankl, is the will to find your meaning in life. It is not the meaning of life in general, but rather the specific meaning of a person’s life at a given moment. He believes that if you are approached with the question of â€Å"what is the meaning of my life† or in this case, â€Å"life is meaningless,† then you should reverse the question to that person asking the question. For example: What are you bringing to me? What are you as an individual contributing to this life? This forces the person in question to take a look at themselves and to ultimately be responsible. Frankl says that if you are a responsible member of society than the meaning of life†¦show more content†¦You’re not thinking for yourself. You’re also going to become bored. In the state of boredom the person can start to see life as meaningless, esp. the person questioning the meaning of their life. They start to question themselves and wonder what their purpose and meaning of their life is. This boredom can be a result of condition called Sunday Neurosis. Sunday Neurosis takes place when a person has worked hard all week long or for many days on end. (We know this as a result of tension; it’s what drives us and keeps us going. It promotes meaning and gives us goals. It is not the same as stress, because stress is an overabundance of tension.) Then a day comes along when you have nothing planned, nothing going on and you don’t know what to do with yourself. Therefore boredom results and when there is boredom there is no meaning. And when there is no meaning we fill that emptiness with negative things, like money, power, and pleasure, basically we get into trouble. The meaning of suffering is another reason why a person might be questioning the meaning of their life. Frankl says that one of the basic aspects of logotherapy that mans main concern is not to gain pleasure or to avoid pain, but to see the meaning of his life. This is why man is willing to suffer in order to find a meaning for his life. But he also says thatShow MoreRelatedThe Man Behind The Therapy Victor E. Frankl, And How It Works711 Words   |  3 Pagesabout the logotherapy. I will be telling you about the history of logotherapy and the man behind it Victor E. Frankl, and how it works. The man behind the therapy Victor E. Frankl . Viktor E. Frankl was born in Vienna, Austria on March 26, 1905 and Frankl grew up in Vienna, the birthplace of modern psychiatry and home of the renowned psychiatrists Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler. A brilliant student, Frankl was involved in Socialist youth organizations and became interested in psychiatry. At age 16 heRead MoreMeaning of Life1425 Words   |  6 PagesThe Meaning of Life The meaning of life, defined by Victor E. Frankl, is the will to find your meaning in life. It is not the meaning of life in general, but rather the specific meaning of a persons life at a given moment. He believes that if you are approached with the question of what is the meaning of my life or in this case, life is meaningless, then you should reverse the question to that person asking the question. For example: What are you bringing to me? What are you as an individualRead MoreTheory of Meaning2391 Words   |  10 PagesRunning Head: THEORY OF MEANING ! !1 ! ! ! ! ! ! Theory of Meaning by Patricia Starck ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Nursing is a profession that is ever-evolving due to many factors such as changes in societal patterns, new research and discoveries, new emerging technologies, new diseases and treatments, etc. For this very reason, some nurses have taken the time to take a step back to look at nursing as a profession and the populations we serve. They have done researchRead MorePositive Thinking and the Meaningful Life Essay1820 Words   |  8 Pageswith proper evidence to persuade the readers that happiness is should be achieved by practicing positive thinking. One should practice positive thinking to enhance one’s experience of a meaningful life because it enables the individual to overcome obstacles in healthy way and gain purpose to one’s life. This topic is greatly in relevance to the readers of any age because it discusses the importance of happiness, which most of us try to achieve, and emphasizes on how these should be pursued, particularlyRead More History Of Human Behavior Essay2758 Words   |  12 Pagesmental functioning, while always maintaining a profound respect for the uniqueness of each individual life. (psych.nwu.edu). Sigmund Freud interpreted the behavior in human beings as the outcome of a drive that constantly seeks releases. (Frey, 04/06). However, up to this contexts it could be seen that Freuds psychoanalytic theory explains the most about the human nature (Freud, introduction). According to Freud, people are often compelled to do things without knowing the reasons for their actions; theRead MoreHistory of Human Behavior2837 Words   |  12 Pagesmental functioning, while always maintaining a profound respect for the uniqueness of each individual life. (psych.nwu.edu). Sigmund Freud interpreted the behavior in human beings as the outcome of a drive that constantly seeks releases. (Frey, 04/06). However, up to this contexts it could be seen that Freuds psychoanalytic theory explains the most about the human nature (Freud, introduction). According to Freud, people are often compelled to do things without knowing the reasons for their actions; theRead MoreHsmf 6113462 Words   |  14 Pageseducated to value and exhibit: a. superiority b. social interest c. achievement d. career competency 4. Adler’s concept of style of life refers to: a. A person’s picture album b. The way a person meets personal needs c. The direction in which the person is moving d. The family constellation 5. Which of the following is a personality priority according to Adlerians? a. Disputing others b. Emotional liability c. Seeking revenge for inferiority d. Pleasing 6. Which of the followingRead MorePsychotherapy and A. Superiority B. Essay example3411 Words   |  14 Pageseducated to value and exhibit: a. superiority b. social interest * c. achievement d. career competency 4. Adler’s concept of style of life refers to: a. A person’s picture album b. The way a person meets personal needs c. The direction in which the person is moving * d. The family constellation 5. Which of the following is a personality priority according to Adlerians? a. Disputing others b. Emotional lability c. Seeking revenge for inferiority d. Pleasing * 6. Which of the followingRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesGlobalization 16 †¢ Managing Workforce Diversity 18 †¢ Improving Customer Service 18 †¢ Improving People Skills 19 †¢ Stimulating Innovation and Change 20 †¢ Coping with â€Å"Temporariness† 20 †¢ Working in Networked Organizations 20 †¢ Helping Employees Balance Work–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-AssessmentRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesManagement—-Study and teaching. 2. Management—Problems, exercises, etc. Kim S. II. Title. HD30.4.W46 2011 658.40071 173—dc22 I. Cameron, 2009040522 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN 10: 0-13-612100-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-612100-8 B R I E F TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S Preface xvii Introduction 1 PART I 1 2 3 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 Developing Self-Awareness 45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4 5 6 7 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS 232

Friday, December 20, 2019

Poverty in Canada Essay - 1492 Words

Poverty in Canada Sociology 1000: Writing Assignment 11/26/2012 Cassandra Vincent How can there be so many people in poverty? It is all around us even though Canada has made the G20 Richest Nations; they still have one of the highest poverty rates for in the industrialized world. Through reading many articles such as Ann Duffy and Nancy Mandell’s â€Å"Poverty in Canada†, others that I have found online, and my own personal experience I have learned the numerous reasons why so many people in a well industrialized nation such as Canada are struggling with poverty. WORD JOURNAL Duffy and Mandell portray many themes around poverty in their article â€Å"poverty in Canada†, but there is one word that really symbolizes the main theme, and†¦show more content†¦With my parents both in the Fishing industry and claiming EI benefits during the winter months I know that it can be hard sometimes when it comes to shortage of money. Though we never went below the poverty line and me and my siblings always received things we wanted, to a certain extent, we knew what it was like to be tight for money as did many other families. I now know that there are many ideologies about people in poverty and that they are struggle with the inequality of society. In the personal response of the â€Å"Poverty in Canada† I really got to understand how people feel when they are below the income cut-off. Many people believe that people are on social assistance because they do not want to work, I know after reading this article that this is not true. Th ere are a lot of stereotypes of people that are poor and after reading the causes of why many people are forced below the poverty line I will now look at them with a different perspective. I will not judge them because of the money they have, but I will look at them as being equal to the rest of society. I learned that people who go into that state of poverty are often out of it again within two years. These people just need a little bit of help and encouragement by those who afford to do so. That is why after reading this article I will doShow MoreRelatedPoverty And The Poverty Of Canada1236 Words   |  5 Pagesevery group of seven people in Canada there is one person who knows this isn’t impossible at all; it’s their reality, and it’s called poverty. Being one of the eight richest and highly industrialized countries in the entire world, and apart of the G8 countries, Canada is still the only one that hasn’t devised a national anti-poverty plan or even a housing plan. Which is absurd, because according to a 2010 report by the Wellesley Institute titled Precarious Housing in Canada between 150,000 –to 300,000Read MorePoverty in Canada.1850 Words   |  8 PagesPoverty is a reality in Canada today. Despite having one of the highest standards of living among all the developed nations, and despite being voted numerous times in recent years by the United Nations as the best country in the world in which to live, experts agree that poverty is prevalent in Canada today. Unfortunately, that is more or less where the agreement ends. Exactly how prevalent and how serious a problem poverty is in Canada is an open question that has been hotly debated for the lastRead MoreWomen Poverty in Canada1652 Words   |  7 Pagesmagazine show off their trademark, healthy kids, happy families (Parents Magazine, p.1 June 2011). These messages are helpful from young to old. Encouraging bonding and finding simple things that suit and family. This is important for a client who is in poverty and would like to find ways to have fun with her children. In contrast to this magazine portraying to promote healthy kids and happy families (Parents Magazine, pg. 1. June 2011). There are contradicting messages found in all three magazinesRead MoreThe Need to Address Poverty in Canada990 Words   |  4 PagesPoverty is a serious issue in Canada needs to be addressed promptly. Poverty is not simply about the lack of money an individual has; it is much more than that. The World Bank Organization defines poverty by stating that, â€Å"Poverty is hunger. Poverty is lack of shelter. Poverty is being sick and not being able to see a doctor. Poverty is not having access to school and not knowing how to read. Poverty is not having a job, is fear for the future, living one day at a time†. In Canada, 14.9 percentRead MorePoverty in Canada: Relative Poverty Measurement Essay1794 Words   |  8 PagesPoverty is an ongoing problem in Canada. Poverty is defined as the inability to obtain the necessities for life . Despite poverty being an ongoing problem, how to properly measure it is disputed among scholars. There are two basic formations for the measurement of poverty: the relative measurement and the absolute measurement. In Canada they are called the low income cut off, or LICO, measurement and the market basement measure, or MBM, measurement. The LICO measurement is individuated to CanadaRead More Women and Poverty in Canada Essay2497 Words   |  10 PagesPoverty is a significant threat to women’s equality. In Canada, more women live in poverty than men, and women’s experience of poverty can be harsher, and more prolonged. Women are often left to bear more burden of poverty, leading to ‘Feminization of poverty’. Through government policy women inequality has resulted in more women and children being left in poverty with no means of escaping. This paper will identify some key aspects of poverty for Canadian women. First, by identifying what povertyRead MoreWomen, Ageism, and Povert y in Canada2779 Words   |  12 Pages November 19, 2011 Women, Ageism and Poverty in Canada Women have benefitted greatly from the efforts of Feminism. The three waves of feminism have given women the vote, control over their bodies, freedom of choice, the right to pursue higher education, empowerment, the ability to identify areas of inequality, the right to attain male dominated jobs and the right to expect equal pay for work of equal value. Women have fought hard to obtain the tools to rise above the glass ceiling. For all thatRead MorePoverty: Phillipines vs Canada Essay1062 Words   |  5 Pagesthe concern of poverty in the economy of the Philippines and Canada. The Philippines is a country that has been destroyed by widespread poverty. The economic concerns in this country have multiplied in the past decade. There are many causes to the many problems and not enough effective reforms to rectify them. They currently have a population of 88 million people, and it is expanding rapidly. An increasing population with out enough jobs to sustain them increases the poverty level. In thisRead MorePoverty In Canada Has Been On The Rise For Many Years And1887 Words   |  8 PagesPoverty in Canada has been on the rise for many years and there have been various statistics surrounding poverty among the provinces in Canada. The driving forces regarding poverty such as the social assistance benefits, the level of minimum wage, and minimal employment all are key elements that encourage poverty. Those that are most susceptible to go through poverty include children, aboriginals, Canadians of colour, those that have disabilities or physically impaired, women, and those that recentlyRead MoreChild Poverty: The Solution from the Right Action Party of Canada747 Words   |  3 PagesWe all know Canada as a caring and generous nation. It is one of the wealthiest nations in the world and has a very high standard of living (the fourth highest in the world). Unfortunately, there is a side of Canada that is hidden from the majority of the world, and it is scar for those who know about it. In the fall of 1989, the House of Commons passed a resolution stating that â€Å"This House seeks to achieve the goal of eliminating poverty among Canadian children by the year 2000.† It is now 2009

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Administrative Ethics Paper free essay sample

Administration ethics are becoming a very important subject. Administrative individuals are faced with a variety of ethical issues such as confidentiality. This paper will discuss confidentiality and patient privacy and its impact on the population that it affects most, arguments or facts that support a proposed solution, the ethical and legal issues in reference to confidentiality. It will also address the managerial responsibilities related to administrative ethical issues as well as any proposed solutions. The administration in any organization has responsibilities to self, to the organization, the clientele served and the employees who provide the services at the organization, so it is important to be aware of ethical issues because they are embedded in the everyday activities (The American Nurses Association, Inc, 2013). Confidentiality Confidential information includes facts that are secret, private or intimate that should not be shared unless it is approved. When dealing confidentiality in this day in time, information systems are becoming high tech and more effective within the health care field as well as an increased involvement of third parties who share the decision process have created some problems in reference to patient confidentiality and the ability to release private information to the appropriate individuals. Confidentiality has a major impact on the administration due to the fact that jobs are at stake when a patient’s privacy has been violated. The population that is affected the most by this is everyone within the administration, meaning the physician as well as the employees. The physician may not disclose any medical information revealed by a patient or discovered by a physician in connection with the treatment of the patient (American Medical Association, 1995-2013). This is important because when patients feel they can trust their physician, he or she can have a better chance being diagnosed appropriately and treated effectively. Without trust, the physician will receive partial information and it will make it difficult to treat patient. Arguments/Facts In reference to confidentiality, something has to be done to incorporate a more efficient way of distributing patient information. Some arguments include requiring ethical awareness, knowledge and decision-making skills as well as having several discussions about different ways to improve, retrospective analysis and ethical education (American Nurses Association, Inc 2013). By doing this the administration will have a more profound idea of what it takes to make sure that they can come up with innovative ways to answer difficult questions in regards to confidentiality. A big question that is often asked when dealing with confidentiality is under what circumstances is confidential information to be released. The fact still remains that any patient information that is released has to be approved or consented by the patient. Policies and regulations should be in place so that the employees comprehend what is appropriate and what is not. Ethical and Legal Issues The administration of any organization is possibly faced with many ethical and legal issues. For example, an employee works for a facility and he is in the office alone and a business calls in for some information regarding communicable diseases. The employee has not received any direct orders or any information from his manager to release information as such to anyone, but the company insists that the information will not be shared. The employee has to make an ethical and legal decision because he realizes that he is releasing patient information without consent and he could possibly lose his job if the information is released. The ethical and legal issues reported for confidentiality include whether or not administration should legitimately violate the confidentiality of an individual, for example, if it is to protect a vulnerable patient, or send confidential information to a third party for a more accurate diagnosis. Some legal issues reported include whether or not to release information to a third party in reference to a communicable disease to attempt to improve or cure diseases (NCBI, 1994). There are many rules and regulations that each state requires and they have to be followed. Managerial Responsibilities Managers have an important duty in understanding and realizing how ethical issues affect’s his or her staff. Managers need to be aware of the many different issues that arise as well as the best possible solutions to solve them. For example, if an employee works for a facility that begins to be more concerned with costs instead of quality and he or she has strong beliefs that it is very important to give the best service possible, this would be difficult for the employee, especially if the mission includes quality is of importance. This could call for high turnover, unacceptable working conditions and unlicensed personnel. With these types of issues, managers need to be there for their staff, so that they can direct them in the proper direction in reference to how to handle certain situations. Managers could take classes as well as employees so that everyone was aware of ethical issues and had a decision making process as how to approach them as they occurred. In this case, the employee should have discussed her feelings about the change to her manager and allowed him or her to make a decision on how to improve or change the decision to focus on cost in lieu of quality. Proposed Solutions Improving confidentiality is definitely an ongoing process due to many different challenges such as there are many different ways to make the process better. Gathering information and facts in reference to confidentiality, promoting training classes as well as keeping up with the rules and regulations in the appropriate states are all ways to help improve the issues with patient confidentiality. Another proposed solution is understanding conflict and reasons to maintain confidentiality. Issues are bound to arise in reference to confidential information and how it was handled; therefore the managers as well as the staff need to have extensive training in regards to confidentiality and how important it is to maintain it. . Conclusion In the conclusion, administration issues in regards to ethics are becoming a very important subject. Working to understand confidentiality and its impact on the population that it affects most, arguments or facts that support a proposed solution, the ethical and legal issues in reference to confidentiality as well as addressing the managerial responsibilities related to administrative ethical issues and any proposed solutions is a very productive and effective way to begin maintain confidentiality.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Social Capital and Social Development

Question: What does math have to do with it? Answer: Struggles: There are so many types of maths that I never learnt. Are those maths are really helpful in the exam? Are those maths are really important? Success: this section focuses on different types of maths and their solution process. What will be the procedure to solve them? How to get rid of the fear of being failure in the math exam? Academic Planning Struggles: How to plan the academic sessions according to the routine? Is my planning would be successful to fulfill my academic sessions? Success: this section helps in the proper academic planning. It helps in the planning of proper academic sessions. Life Management: Struggles: how to manage my daily routine? How it will be implemented in my life? Success: this section provides the information about daily life management. How not to waste time and to save time for study as well as for extracurricular activity? Social/Interpersonal: Struggles: how to be social or get the interpersonal skills after completing all my studies? Is it possible to get socialise after being in the course of study (Nieman, 2014)? Success: this section focuses on the power of being socialised after being in the course. Wellness: Struggle: is it really important to do something in the social well being (Friesen, 2010)? How to do the well-being? Success: this section focuses on the making choices for the social well- being. How to do the social well- being? Medical Terminology: Struggles: do I have to memorise all medical terminologies? Success: this section focuses on the process of memorising all the medical terminologies. Empowerment: Struggle: how to manage the powers given to me? What is significance of the powers given to me? Success: helps in understanding the significance of the power given to the student and how to handle it? Reference List: Friesen, C. (2010). Operation Wellness: A University/Community Collaboration to Enhance Adult Wellness. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 39(2), pp.152-160. Nieman, A. (2014). SOCIAL CAPITAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. Social Work, 42(2).

Thursday, November 28, 2019

And No Matter Where You Run Into It, Prejudice Obscures the Truth Essays

And No Matter Where You Run Into It, Prejudice Obscures the Truth Essays And No Matter Where You Run Into It, Prejudice Obscures the Truth Essay And No Matter Where You Run Into It, Prejudice Obscures the Truth Essay Twelve Angry Men Reginald Rose Pg 53 when juror 8 says â€Å"And no matter where you run into it, prejudice obscures the truth† he means when ever and where ever you are narrow-mindedness and racism can cloud your judgment towards people of all races and cultures, this can be proved by the stubbornness of juror 10 to change his mind about the boys case, and juror 3’s absolute unwillingness to change is mind even when all the other jurors starting with juror 8 note innocent. Juror 10 is one of the most racist and prejudice of the all the jurors a quote to show this is â€Å"Now you’re not going to tell us that we’re supposed to believe that kid, knowing what he is. Listen, I’ve lived among ‘em all my life. You can’t believe a word they say. I mean, they’re born liars. † When he says this he means/believes that people are born in slums are born to live lives of crime and disseat, even thou juror 5 was born and lived in a slum all his life he is a perfectly respectably man. This proves that juror 10 was wrong and people born in slums aren’t born to lie and commit crime. There for prejudice did obscure the truth for juror 10. Juror 3 is the last to change his note because of his grudge against kids this grudge started him and his son had a fight and his son left home ever since juror 3 has had prejudice against kids, when juror 3 says â€Å"That goddamn rotten kid. I know him. What they’re like. What they do to you. How they kill you everyday. My God, don’t you see? How come I’m the only one who sees? Jeez, I can feel that knife going in. this proves that juror 3 thinks he knows every kid in the whole world and knows that they are disrespectful and unthankful. In other words prejudice. When he says â€Å"Jeez, I can feel that knife going in† this shows that he is so shore of the boy committing the crime even thou the boy was found innocent in the end, showing that prejudice did lead juror 3 away from the truth there fo r proving the point that prejudice does obscure the truth. Despite all these facts juror 8 still saw the small chance that the boy could have been innocent a quote to show this is â€Å"But we have a reasonable oubt†¦. No jury can declare a man guilty unless it’s sure. † He’s telling us we have to be sure if we are going to blame someone for anything. This shows us that prejudice isn’t every where in the world and some people do look past race and cultural backgrounds. In conclusion we have to try to look past the color of someone’s skin where they come from are born or have grown up, and look at all the facts to get the absolute truth on the questions that are asked. By Harry Plum

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Democracy in Words, Pursuit in Actions

Democracy in Words, Pursuit in Actions Democracy in Words, Pursuit in Actions The story about Natalie Maines behaviour at the concert in London is well-known. She wanted peace. We're on the good side with y'all. We're ashamed that the President of the United States is from Texas (Martin, p.43). In spite of the sharp controversy women did not give up. If I were their manager I would have advised them to go all the way. I was surprised that threats were made to Natalie. I thought American society is a democratic one. And such reaction of the politicians showed their dirty tricks. Nevertheless I would perform in Texas in order to present art and not politics. John Lennons saying in 1966 Were more popular than Jesus now affected their popularity and the reaction of people was similar. I suppose that it would be same in 2012. Lipton representative stopped to support them referred to the fact that they loved the United States and apologized for the sayings of Dixie Chicks. In my opinion speaking out pays attention of society and government to the most burning problems. Let us see a scandal of Russian punk-group Pussy Riot that organized punk prayer against president Putin in the Christ the Savior Cathedral. I think that the reaction of the fans and sponsors might not prevent other musicians from speaking out. Musicians are personalities with their own point of view and freedom of expressing their opinions. Towards the end of the documentary, Martie says that Natalies comment was the best thing that ever happened to her, to her career. Such people like Natalie are needed in our life and their speaking out makes them more popular among ordinary people. To my mind not the gender but actions of musicians have influence on others. I do not think the reaction would have been the same if the musicians were men. The new post comment music also expresses the personal struggles of the Dixie Chicks: And how in the world can the words that I said send somebody so over the edge. In conclusion I would like to say that Dixie Chicks actions were like delay-time bomb. In order to have peace on our planet there should be more such brave people like Dixie Chicks.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Discuss 'residential satisfaction' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Discuss 'residential satisfaction' - Essay Example With this backdrop, people seek to stay in houses which give them complete residential satisfaction by way of good neighbourly relations, peaceful surroundings, serene environment, suitable facilities and good administration of residential complexes. Depending on individual tastes and preferences, aspirations and satisfaction levels change but most house owners or tenants prefer to seek better houses in order to get full residential satisfaction in all respects whenever their aspirations are not met with in their existing homes. As everyone commonly understands, satisfaction is a state of happiness derived through fulfilment of an objective. It can be more clearly described as a sort of contentment one gains by fulfilling a desire, need or hope. Residential satisfaction is therefore a certain state of happiness gained by a person in all respects in relation to his / her residence, own or rented. Going by common knowledge, people would generally tend to continue to reside in houses where full satisfaction is sustained in relation to their neighbours, environment, facilities available and maintenance of the premises. When one runs out of residential satisfaction with regard to any of these issues, he or she may opt to move out of it in search of better residential satisfaction. In such a case, either the house is sold off or vacated by the occupant. Golledge and Stimson (1996: 473) quite appropriately describe ‘residential satisfaction’ as the meeting point of the residential achievement with the residential aspiration. Aspirations are not similar and most of the times, they differ depending on the different tastes of people. This is especially so with regard to a dwelling unit. Because of the different perceptions of different people on how to achieve residential satisfaction, all house owners would not display the same level of satisfaction from a single residential environment (Galster, 1987: 93). One therefore has to understand